tat [koo dey-tahz; French koo dey-ta]. Military Academies and Coup Risk", "War Makes the Regime: Regional Rebellions and Political Militarization Worldwide", "Military purges and the recurrence of civil conflict", "Soldiers or politicians? In what revolutionary tyrants call grand[s] coups d'état, as butchering, or poisoning, or drowning, en masse, they are exclusively employed. A total of 32 departments were put under a state of alert from 8 December and the rebellious areas were controlled in a few days. Opponents were arrested and some were forced to flee. The country was torn apart by the French Revolution at the time when Napoleon invaded Egypt and Syria. [70], The international community tends to react adversely to coups by reducing aid and imposing sanctions. Coup of 18–19 Brumaire, (November 9–10, 1799), coup d’état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The phrase coup d'état comes from French coup d'État, literally meaning a "state stroke", a "blow against the state". The operation was christened Rubicon, alluding to Julius Caesar. Après le coup d'Etat militaire du 16 mai 1960, le régime [...] militaire sud-coréen a adopté une politique de développement d'armes nucléaires, estimant que ses moyens de sécurité n'était autre qu'avoir accès aux armes nucléaires et de les développer à tout prix. [16], According to Clayton Thyne and Jonathan Powell's coup dataset, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, of which 227 (49.7%) were successful and 230 (50.3%) were unsuccessful. Reacting to this coup, parliamentarians took refuge in the mayor's office of the 20th arrondissement of Paris and 220 of them voted to oust Louis-Napoleon from power. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. [15], Since the twentieth century, an increasing proliferation of terms has arisen to describe various kinds of actual or attempted unilateral seizures of power. [60] A 2014 study found that 40% of post-Cold War coups were successful. [73] The US has been inconsistent in applying aid sanctions against coups both during the Cold War and post-Cold War periods, a likely consequence of its geopolitical interests. The authors of the study provide the following logic for why this is: "Autocratic incumbents invested in spatial rivalries need to strengthen the military in order to compete with a foreign adversary. Successful coup d’etat. German: Staatsstreich. [10][11][12], Other recent and notable unsuccessful minority reactionary coups that are often referred to as Putsches are the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and Küstrin Putsch, the 1961 Algiers Putsch and the 1991 August Putsch. Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, Coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851 sur Herodote.net, La résistance au coup d'état du 2 décembre 1851 dans les départements et à Paris, Wikisource:Coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851, Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano, Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano, Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland, Jérôme Napoléon Charles, Prince of Montfort, Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano, Lucien Cardinal Bonaparte, Prince of Canino and Musignano, Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano, Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon, Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1851_French_coup_d%27état&oldid=998456897, Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2019, Articles needing additional references from March 2015, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 13:24. Since an unsuccessful coup d'état in 1920, the Kapp Putsch, the Swiss-German word Putsch has also been used in English. [30] A 2016 study finds that there is an ethnic component to coups: "When leaders attempt to build ethnic armies, or dismantle those created by their predecessors, they provoke violent resistance from military officers. [58], A 2018 study in the Journal of Peace Research found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders. Korean: 쿠데타. Louis-Napoleon was automatically reelected to a fresh term as president. French Peasants in Revolt: The Insurrection of 1851. There are powerful people organizing a coup d'etat. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. [40] The study argued that militaries were dissuaded from staging coups because they feared that the UN would no longer enlist the military in peacekeeping missions. Notable counter-coups include the Ottoman countercoup of 1909, the 1960 Laotian counter-coup, the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup, the 1967 Greek counter-coup, 1971 Sudanese counter-coup, and the Coup d'état of December Twelfth in South Korea. ", Research suggests that coups promoting democratization in staunchly authoritarian regimes have become less likely to end democracy over time, and that the positive influence has strengthened since the end of the Cold War.[19][20][60][61][62]. Two-thirds of the General Council supported Louis-Napoleon's cause, but in the Assembly, supporters of the Duke of Orléans, led by Thiers, concluded an alliance with the far left to oppose Louis-Napoleon's plans. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military; creation of an armed force parallel to the regular military; and development of multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another. Coup d'état definition is - a sudden decisive exercise of force in politics; especially : the violent overthrow or alteration of an existing government by a small group. The French coup d'état of 5 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte . [18] Numbers of successful coups have decreased over time. [14], One author makes a distinction between a coup and a pronunciamiento. The coup must be swift and decisive. A coup d’état may involve the military, or it may be a civilian force. Dictionary source: English Spanish Dictionary (Granada University, Spain), 7.7 More: English to Spanish translation of coup d'etat [36], A 2017 study found that autocratic leaders whose states were involved in international rivalries over disputed territory were more likely to be overthrown in a coup. *Note: after the military coup d' etat of 1980, the Constitution was abolished. "[37] However, two 2016 studies found that leaders who were involved in militarized confrontations and conflicts were less likely to face a coup. [41], A 2018 study found that the presence of military academies were linked to coups. Learn more in the Cambridge French-English Dictionary. The French coup d'état of 5 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time President of the French Second Republic). On 14 October, Louis-Napoleon asked the Parliament to restore universal male suffrage but the request was turned down. quotations ▼ The authors argue that this may be due to the incentives created by international pressure. Louis-Napoleon declared that a new constitution was being framed and said he intended to restore the "system established by the First Consul". Juste quelque chose que les français appellent un coup d'état. The French coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time President of the French Second Republic). Convinced that the coup was now inevitable after the latest refusal, Louis-Napoleon fixed the anniversary of the coronation of Napoleon in 1804, and the victory of Austerlitz in 1805, as the day for the coup. In less than a year, following another referendum on 7 November 1852, the Second French Empire was proclaimed. [50][51] However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness,[52][53][54] and limits the rents that an incumbent can extract. [56], According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region. Specific military garrisons are the sparking factor for a larger military revolt against the government. [18] Coups that occur during civil wars shorten the war's duration. A 2003 review of the academic literature found that the following factors were associated with coups: The literature review in a 2016 study includes mentions of ethnic factionalism, supportive foreign governments, leader inexperience, slow growth, commodity price shocks, and poverty. n. pl. Europe has experienced by far the fewest coup attempts: 2.6%. (n.) = golpe de estado. The general became dictator through a coup d'etat. coup d’État translations: coup, coup d’état. How to use coup d'état in a sentence. The French coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Charles Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (at the time, President of the French Second Republic). For other uses, see, Current leaders who assumed power via coups. [56] Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting. He broke away from the control of the Parti de l'Ordre and created the Ministère des Commis, appointing General Hautpoul as its head, in 1849. coups d'état (ko͞o′) or coup d'états (dā-täz′) The sudden overthrow of a government by a usually small group of persons in or previously in positions of authority. The pronunciamiento is the formal explanation for deposing the regnant government, justifying the installation of the new government that was effected with the golpe de estado. A coup or coup d’état is the forced removal of an existing government, usually through violent methods. 'coup d'état' is an alternate term for 'coup d'etat', 'coup'. On the symbolic and historic date of 2 December 1852 (the anniversary of the Coronation of Napoleon I in 1804), President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. In 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President of France through universal male suffrage, taking 74% of the vote. A year later, the Prince-President reclaimed his uncle's throne as Emperor of the French under the regnal name Napoleon III. /ˌku deɪˈtɑz; French ku deɪˈta/. The English expression coup d’état is derived from the French expression, coup d’étate, which translates as “stroke of the state.” The term came into use as an English expression in the early 1800s, though it had been … [20] One-third of coups during the Cold War and 10% of post-Cold War coups reshuffled the regime leadership. They had a somewhat higher chance of success in Africa and Asia. By evening, the revolt of Paris was suppressed and the city returned to normal. The insurgents were soon defeated. "[1] They arrive at this definition by combining common definitions in the existing literature, and removing specificities and ambiguities that exist in many definitions.[1]. The imperative of developing a strong army puts dictators in a paradoxical situation: to compete with a rival state, they must empower the very agency—the military—that is most likely to threaten their own survival in office. coup n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. These phenomena, sometimes called "coups with adjectives", include:[16], The question of which term, if any, is applicable to a given political event can be a subjective matter, and carries normative, analytical, and political implications. [1] They find that coups have "been most common in Africa and the Americas (36.5% and 31.9%, respectively). A "barracks revolt" or cuartelazo is also a term for military revolt, from the Spanish term cuartel ("quarter" or "barracks"). On 20 and 21 December, the French population were recorded as having voted for acceptance of the new regime by an overwhelming majority of 7,145,000 to 600,000, although the official tally and free nature of the vote were questioned by dissidents like Victor Hugo. 'coup d'état' est un terme alternatif pour 'coup d'etat', 'coup'. [43], A 2019 study found that regional rebellions made coups by the military more likely. Acting heads of state are denoted by an asterisk. Hadi was forced to resign by Houthi rebels on 22 January 2015, but later renounced his resignation. It ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly and the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year. Thus, German authors often use quotation marks or write about the sogenannter Röhm-Putsch ('so-called Röhm Putsch') for emphasis. ", "Cues to Coup Plotters Elections as Coup Triggers in Dictatorships", "Spatial Rivalry and Coups Against Dictators", "Pitfalls of Professionalism? French: coup d'État. Germans still use the term Röhm-Putsch to describe the murders, the term given to it by the Nazi regime, despite its unproven implication that the murders were necessary to prevent a coup. The coup d'état was meticulously planned from 20 August 1851. According to a 2020 study, "external reactions to coups play important roles in whether coup leaders move toward authoritarianism or democratic governance. [19] A 2016 study found that democracies were installed in 12% of Cold War coups and 40% of the post-Cold War coups. He wrote: According to Naunihal Singh, author of Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups (2014), it is "fairly rare" for the prevailing existing government to violently purge the army after a coup has been foiled. [23], A 2016 study categorizes coups into four possible outcomes:[20], The study also found that about half of all coups—both during and after the Cold War—install new autocratic regimes. When supported by external democratic actors, coup leaders have an incentive to push for elections to retain external support and consolidate domestic legitimacy. His request for a reconsideration of the constitutional reform proposal was also turned down on 13 November. A French phrase meaning blow of state, used to mean a sudden overthrow of a government. The authors argue that military academies make it easier for military officers to plan coups, as the schools build networks among military officers. [20] Democracies were installed in the wake of 12% of Cold War coups and 40% of post-Cold War coups.[20]. Another word for Opposite of Meaning of Rhymes with Sentences with Find word forms Translate from English Translate to English Words With Friends Scrabble Crossword / Codeword Words starting with Words ending with Words containing exactly Words containing letters Pronounce Find conjugations Find names The provisions of the constitution that prohibited an incumbent president from seeking re-election appeared to force the end of Louis-Napoleon's rule in December 1852. This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 19:49. He not only possessed executive power, but was vested with the power of legislative initiative, thereby reducing the scope of the Parliament. It ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly and the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year. Usage notes: The French expression un coup d’État refers to a sudden and generally violent attempt by a small group of people to illegally take over a government. He also actively encouraged the creation of numerous anti-parliament newspapers and acquired the support of 150 members of Parliament, the "Parti de l'Elysée". When he faced the prospect of having to leave office in 1852, Louis-Napoléon (nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte) staged the coup in order to stay in office and implement his reform programs; these included the restoration of universal male suffrage (previously abolished by the legislature). Italian: colpo di Stato. a sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force. [35] One study found that coups are more likely to occur in states with small populations, as there are smaller coordination problems for coup-plotters. Just something the French call a coup d'etat. [72] A 2016 study shows that the international donor community in the post-Cold War period penalizes coups by reducing foreign aid. [42], A 2019 study found that states that had recently signed civil war peace agreements were much more likely to experience coups, in particular when those agreements contained provisions that jeopardized the interests of the military. By the end of the rebellion, 26,000 people were arrested, 9,530 were sent to Algeria and 250 to the prison of Cayenne. "[9], Clayton Thyne and Jonathan Powell's dataset of coups defines attempted coups as "illegal and overt attempts by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive. It dramatically expanded the powers of the president, who was elected for a period of 10 years with no term limits. French: coup d'État; German: Staatsstreich; Italian: colpo di Stato; Japanese: クーデター; Korean: 쿠데타; European Portuguese: golpe de estado; Spanish: golpe de estado Prepared to strike, Louis-Napoleon appointed General Saint-Arnaud as the Minister of War and a circular was issued reminding soldiers of their pledge of "passive obedience". Dataset on all military and non-military coup attempts in the world since 1946. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27état&oldid=999159360, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, No regime change, such as when a leader is illegally shuffled out of power without changing the identity of the group in power or the rules for governing, Ousting of the dictatorship followed by democratization (also called "democratic coups"). His political measures, and the extension of his mandate for 10 years, were popularly endorsed by constitutional referendum. [72] A third 2015 study finds that Western states react strongest against coups of possible democratic and human rights abuses. To prevent such a desperate counter-coup that may be more successful than the initial attempt, governments usually resort to firing prominent officers and replacing them with loyalists instead. On 18 Fructidor, year V (Sept. 4, 1797), Gen. Pierre-François-Charles Augereau, commanding the troops, purged more than 130 royalists and counterrevolutionaries from the Corps Législatif; and many deputies, journalists, nonjuring priests, and other individuals, including the director, the marquis de Barthélemy, were deported to Guiana in South America. [69], According to a 2019 study, coup attempts lead to a reduction in physical integrity rights. One early use within text translated from French was in 1785 in a printed translation of a letter from a French merchant, commenting on an arbitrary decree or arrêt issued by the French king restricting the import of British wool. ", "Integrating the Civil–Military Relations Subfield", "Reanalysis: Are coups good for democracy? Asia and the Middle East have experienced 13.1% and 15.8% of total global coups, respectively. A Coup d'Etat is coming in France in 2020 !! [38][39], A 2018 study found that coup attempts were less likely in states where the militaries derived significant incomes from peacekeeping missions. Generals Vaillant and Harispe became Marshals of France on 11 December. [13], Pronunciamiento ("pronouncement") is a term of Spanish origin for a special type of coup d'état. 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